（接上页）一个长句 However, conservation efforts will come under preserve from businessmen who havewill refuse to comply,该句由三个小短句构成,前半部分是句子的主干,后半部分用了三个定语从句,两部分用from来连接,说明压力主要来自后面的欧美商人。但若拆分成三个短句来表达,句法上不如一个长句显得精辟,这也是我们平时要有意识加强练习的地方wiL E, biological diversity, threatened rare species, nature habitats, economic bloomingattractive economic benefits, nature reserves, poachers, in a sustainable way, be voluntarily to和 abandon their short- term benefits等的使用使得表达简洁准确小编：一个长句该句由三个小短句构成前半部分是句子的主干后半部分用了三个定语从句两部分用来连接说明压力主要来自后面的欧美商人。但若拆分成三个短句来表达句法上不如一个长句显
4.2.5议论文写作注意事项
写作始于审题,经谋篇布局之后,才进入正式的提笔写作阶段。好的素材和构思还需要正确得体的语言将之付诸纸面才能得以体现。因此,写作者在行文时要处处注意措辞成句,确保词汇与语法的正确性、文体的得体性,等等
4.2.5.1语法
如果写作中语言的使用错误百出,文章的质量无法得到保证。语法是语言成文的重要基础。因此,写作者必须掌握语法基本要素。以下四大语法要素尤为关键:时态、被动语态、词性的正确使用和从句的正确使用(包括主语和谓语、非谓语动词的使用)
许多写作者也会担心犯冠词或介词使用不当的错误,因为冠词和介词较难精确掌握。但冠词、介词的错误使用一般情况下不会影响读者的理解,相较而言就不及上面所列的四大语法要素重要。当然,认识到语法中孰轻孰重的问题并不意味着在写作中可以忽略小错误。
The studying of AIDS vaccine will probably be succeeded in future.就不如下面这句好:
The study of AIDs vaccine will probably succeed in the future
4.2.5.2词汇
和语法一样,词汇是行文的关键之一。在写作中请使用自己熟悉的词汇。使用简洁正确的词语使用复杂但不当的词汇更好。有些高颗单词及词组应在使用前谨慎考虑其在句中的用法再应用到实际写作中,否则将事倍功半。学习者可以从积累各类常见表达,保证词汇量入手。例如,
评价(e.g. benefit., satisfying)
原因,结果(eg. generate, explain, outcome)
修饰词(e.g. remarkable, minority)
连接词(c.g. besides, in addition)
分类名词(c.g. factor, aspect)
扩大词汇量的最佳方法是阅读,并将文章中的好词好句摘录到自己的词汇本中。注意:不要摘录单个单词,而应摘录完整词组以便于掌握该单词的正确搭配和用法。
要掌握一个单词,需要掌握其准确含义、相关词组、语法特点。例如, despite并非完全等同于inpite of: despite后面接从句,而 in spite of后面接名词或名词词组
总而言之,语法和词汇相辅相成。写作时,仅仅理解某个单词的含义是不够的,还要知道它的正确用法
4.25.3文体
写作文体往往会受到两个因素的影响:一是个人写作习惯;二是母语与英语在表达上的文化差异。写作者要通过多读、多练,熟悉并遵从学术英语写作的文体特点
第四章学术英语进阶写作
4.2.5.4修饰词
修饰词的正确使用是语言运用的一个重要方面,体现了写作者对自己观点的解读及对所述问题的理解程度。常见错误类型及例句如下。
泛化:Computers have made life more convenient for everyone过分强调或夸大Coal is the best source of energy but nuclear energy is much better.
叙述不充分:Climate change is inevitable in the future.表意不明Alternative energy probably seems to be a possible answer to our future energy needs.In some cases efforts do not bring success all the time.修饰词的正确使用有助于文章观点的准确表达。修饰词通常包括:形容词、副词、情态动词以及其他表程度与强调的词。
泛化是较为常见的错误。修改泛化的陈述可以通过限定数量,频率或地域来缩小叙述范围等方法来达到效果以下是几例常见修饰:mostoccasionallyusuallyplentywidespreadcommon
(2)过分强调另外一个常见的问题是过分强调,值得注意的是过分强调有时不在于夸大陈述的强度。作者在态度上应当表现出一定的肯定性表现强度的词有:tremendousconsiderablegreatcnoug表现确定性的词组有:probablymaybeundoubtedly in general以及所有情态动词:must更为客观的表达:It is reported thatIt is universally acknowledged that
第四章学术英语进阶写作87
has to slow down. However, conservation efforts will come under pressure from businessmen whohave previously perceived the attractive economic benefits and will refuse to comply
3. Another alternative approach is to keep the ecosystem completed, such as continuing tobuild nature reserves. This can make sure the survival of more species in wilderness. However, inspite of the wide recognition of the value of nature reserves, it is still a long haul to protect therare species. One of the examples is the experience of the domesticated yak in Tibet. Rarity itselfis a great temptation to poachers. If they became rarer. seekers would perceive more value andbenefits from their business.
4. A more effective approach is to strengthen the public awareness of the importance ofbiological diversity. Not only advertising should be continuously and vigorously promotedscientific research on preserving biodiversity all over the world should also be financiallysupported. If considerable people were able to realize biological resources can be actually used in asustainable way, they would be voluntarily to abandon their short-term benefits and preserve thediversity of species.点评:作为解决问题类议论文,本文在列举解决问题途径时所使用的各种句式,讨论每种途径时所展现的严谨思维,虚拟语气的恰当使用,以及首段和三个主题段落之间的紧密衔接都值得我们学习。
首先,整体思路上,首段共三句话,各有用途。前两句表述了两种对比的现象:一方面,人们逐步意识到保护生物多样性的重要性;另一方面,越来越多的稀有物种受到威胁。最后一句, Measuresave to be taken to prevent it既鲜明地摆出了作者的观点,又在全篇结构上起着承上启下的过渡作用。接下来的三个主体段落用三个不同的句式展示了三种可行的措施: One of the possibleapproaches is to .. Another alternative approach is to . Fll A more effective approach is to这样的列举方式明显优于 Firstly.. Secondly.和 Thirdly...而且前两个措施里作者也考虑到了实施过程中可能遇到的困难,并有例证支持。例如,第一个主体段落中,作者提出的解决方法是减少人为污染及对自然栖息地的破坏活动,接着说明它的危害,这种经济增长方式是以破坏自然环境为代价的。最后用一个长句分析了这种保护措施面临的压力一认识到稀有物种可观经济价值的商人会拒绝顺从。这样的三个小步骤恰恰反映了作者的辩证思想和严谨的思维。第二个主体段落也是如此。作者提出了建立自然保护区来保护生态系统的完整性,其最终目的是保护更多物种的生存。接着,用 However笔锋一转,进而分析保护自然保护区里的动物在某些地区遇到的一些困难, One of theexamples is.是以西藏藏牦牛的经历作为例证。第三个主体段落中作者提出的措施可能是很多人也会想得到的加强人们保护生物多样性的意识,但作者并没有就此停留在口号上,而是就如何加强这种意识提出具体的建议: advertising和 scientific research,且用 Not only.(but)also.连接。
句式上,长短句交互使用。这里重点介绍两个虚拟句的使用和另外一个长句的构成。虚拟句常常用来表达和事实相反的情况,多用于表达美好的愿望,虚拟句的构成有多种,最常见的由来引导从句常用过去时态,主句用“主语+ would”。本文中两个虚拟句出现在最后两个段落中的最后一句话,采用的恰恰就是这种构成方式,第一个虚拟句 If they became rarer, seekers would perceivemore value and benefits from their business.道出了保护稀有动物的紧迫性。第二个虚拟句Ifconsiderable people were able to realize .. in a sustainable way, they would be . and preserve thediversity of species,是在告诫人们若能改变传统观念,摒弃对于稀有动物的短视利益,代之以一种可持续发展方式看待生物资源的合理利用,生物多样性才能得以进一步保护。另外第2段最后一句是
90学术英语写作综合教程According to a survey.ome people claim在结论部分使用以下表达有助于修饰陈述:It can be concluded thatThis demonstrates/indicates thatHence it can be seen that有些动词也可表明不同趋势或确定性:This proves/indicates/suggestsA causes B/A is a contributing factor to BPeople are/tend to be
(3)表意不明表意含糊不清是学术英语写作常见错误之一,造成错误的重要原因是写作者不恰当地混用修饰词。因此,准确使用修饰词至关重要。
People depend significantly on hunting for foodIt is evident that reduction of Carbon Dioxide emission is likely to be a possible solution toclimate changeThe major problem in the Internet might be cyber crimeSeveral people have died of the severe Ebola缺少观点的作文不会是一篇好作文。当写作者无内容可写时,往往填充一些空洞、无意义的表达或是重复叙述同一个意思。例如,Usually people in the world have their own habits of eating and each and every culture has itsown customs about food. However, because of a new international, world-wide communicationsystem, people can have contact with each other and so many people are learning about otherpeople's customs and habits about food. Generally speaking, some people are becoming accustomedto food from other places as they get in touch with other cultures42.5.5生搬硬套许多写作者在掌握了一些万能表达或作文模板后,就不分话题不分场合地硬套,例如With the development of economy, more and more people like to visit campusThere is no denying to the fact that every foreigner visiting Hangzhou loves the city上述例句带有明显的生搬硬套痕迹,套用的句型与写作话题不符另一个问题是过度使用或不当使用连接词。若一篇文章连续几个段落开头是 FirstlySecondly. Thirdly.. Finally. In conclusion,显而易见写作者没有思考,而只是直接套用
4.2.6综合练习综合练习1判断下面话题中建词需要评价。
O Quite a few critics point out that computer has brought more harm than good. Do you supportthis statement?2 Violence has been encouraged due to the popularity of television and computers. To what
第四章学术英语进阶写作91
extent do you agree?C) The widespread of computers has made the quality of our lives better. Do you agree?4 City life has put people under too much pressure and some measures should be taken about itWhat's your opinion综合练习2思考并分析以下话题Television or computer screen has considerable attraction for children. It's undoubtedly noteneficial for their development. Therefore, childrens television time should be supervised bytheir parents. Do you agree?综合练习3分析下面的话题:Some workers are working harder and harder, while some other people are in or will be inunemployment. Therefore, to even out the distribution of jobs, it is suggested that 5 working daysn a week be implemented. Do you agree?以下列举的10种观点是对以上话题的猜想。先确定你认为是合理猜想的观点,再对这些合理猜想进行分类,最后根据重要性对观点加以排列O Everyone would be under financial pressure for lifeQ There would be economic recession due to insufficient demand for goods and servicesC The bond between family and friends would be fastened out of more gathering timeO People would have more leisure time for entertainment and pleasure.6 Negative outcomes like excessive drinking and gambling would be produced from boredomG Employers would be trapped in financial crisis and unable to promote their businessO Under these circumstances, there would be only 4 working days for teachers, and someven just have one day. Is it practical?(8 It is unfair that private business owners can work 6 or 7 days, while many hay4 daysQ The unemployed are usually not capable enough for their work, whatever jobs would beQ Suppose first you work 4 days, and then another one continues your job for another 4 daysHe knows nothing about your idea at all. As a result, both of your efforts are futile.综合练习4You should finish writing about the following topic within 40 minuteso It is commonly believed that men and women have different strengths and weaknessesTherefore, it is acceptable to exclude males or females from certain types of jobs because of theirgender@2 To what extent do you agree or disagree with this idea?Answer the question including relevant examples and evidence to support your argumenWrite at least 250 words综合练习5You should finish writing about the following topic within 40 minutesO It is said that convenience foods are becoming so popular that traditional foods and
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