（接上页）段落发展的方法,像记叙、列举、分类、比较与对比等。展开文章的方法和展开段落的方法基本一样,只不过展开文章更综合地使用这些展开方法罢了。限于篇幅,本章不再赘述这些展开方法。另外,四级考试作文一般都是说明文和议论文,本章主要讲述常用类型文章的组成以及说明文、议论文写作方法和注意事项。小编：段落发展的方法像记叙、列举、分类、比较与对比等。展开文章的方法和展开段落的方法基本一样只不过展开文章更综合地使用这些展开方法罢了。限于篇幅本章不再赘述这些展开方法
4.1文章的组成
一般来说,除了小说、戏剧、诗歌等文学性较强的作品以外,篇文章主要由五个部分组成:开头段( an introductory paragraph)、中心句( a thesis statement)、中间段( body paragraphs)、段与段间的过渡语或过渡段( transitions between paragraphs)、结尾段(aconcluding paragraph)。下面我们以一篇文章为例,来讲述这五个组成部分。
Why Does Communication betweenIndividuals break down?Language problems make communication between people fromdifferent cultures difficult they can not express their feelings clearlyto each other. However, communication problems also existtween individuals from the same culture. The breakdown of communication ber ween these people results from three significant factorspersonality, age difference, and the existence of competition be-tween individualsPersorality has a great influence on communication betweenpeople. First, the sharing of common interests is often essential forinitiating communication. If two people have completely differentinterests, there are usually considerable differences in their atti
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tudes, and it will not be easy for them to start communication witheach other. Second, the willingness to express their feelings andopinions freely is needed if meaningful communication is to be developed. Some people do not want to talk about controversial subjectsfearing that this will hurt their relationships with their friends. Instead, they keep the level of their discussions of topics very superficial, so they really do not have a chance to know and understandeach other. The lack of understanding leads to unsuccessful communication. From the above, we can see that personality has a pro-found influence on the initiation and maintenance of communicationThe differ ence in age also has a significant influence on communication when people are of different generationswide gap in age, people of different generations receive very differ-ent educations, and since society is advancing at a great pace, it isnot surprising that they hold very different opinions. Disagreementon many topics between people of different generations makes communication bet ween them very difficult. This kind of communication problem is described in the article Culture and Communication: Self-expression and the Asian American. According to thisarticle, Asian American parents expect their children to strive for academic success, however, the younger generation holds values thatare strikingly different from their parents. hence comes the communication problem between the old and the youngWhile age difference plays an important part in communicationproblems between two generations, competition is largely responsible for the communication breakdown among the same generationCompetition in the modern world is fierce, and it creates tremendouspressure on people. In order to get ahead in career or in school, peo-ple tend to devote most of their time to working, studying, or other
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第4章篇章写作技巧
上一章我们讲到:段落是由一个一个句子按照一定的逻辑关系,经由过渡语的连接,组成的,就像段落一样,一篇文章,是由个一个段落按照一定的逻辑关系,经由过渡语的连接,结合起来的。从形式上来看,一篇文章是由三个或三个以上的段落组成的。从功能上来看,一篇文章,或者向读者传递情绪,或者给读者提供信息,或者说服读者赞同或反对某种现像或观点……下图比较、对比了篇章与段落构成的异同,有助我们领会段落与篇章的关系,学习如何组织一篇文章Introductory paragraphthesis statementFirst paragraphof the bodyTopic sentenceecond paragraphSentence 1of the boSentence 2Third paragraphSentence 3of the bodyConclusionConclusion从该图可以看出:篇章与段落的组成要素是一样的,只不过篇
幅比段落更长,内容的发展更全面罢了。在第三章中,我们讲解了
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论文查重率多少合格 降重神器 论文查重软件
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