（接上页）研究和实验的方法定要叙述准确清晰,便于读者重复你的研究和实验,I-般来说,在同样的条件和步骤下应当得到同样的结果小编：研究和实验的方法定要叙述准确清晰便于读者重复你的研究和实验般来说在同样的条件和步骤下应当得到同样的结果二、科研方法的写作方法与技巧科研方法的写作与摘要、引言的写作
二、科研方法的写作方法与技巧
Methods and Techniques for Writing Methodology
科研方法的写作,与摘要、引言的写作相比要容易一些。因为所谓科研方法就是对你自己所经历的科学实验进行说明。简单地说,就是你做了什么、怎样去做的,可以当作说明文来写,遵守说明文写作的要求。科研方法的写作,要尽量详细,使别人读后,能够参考你的方法进行相关的研究。( Readers must be able to reproduce your results, evaluate the va-lidity of your results and the soundness of your methods, and follow theogic in the paper.in this section you explain clearly how you carried out your study inthe following general structure and organization (details follow below):d(plant, animal, human, etc. and theirperiment handling and care, and when and where the study was carriedout(if location and time are important factors)Q if a field study, a description of the study site, including thephysical and biolfeatures, and precise locatiomental ORpling design (how thor study was structured. For example, controls, treatments, the variablemeasured, how many samples were collected, replication, etc.)O the protocol for collecting data, i.e., how the experimental procedures were carried outOrganize your presentation so your reader will understand the logicalflow of the experiment; subheadings work well for this purpose. Each258
第十五章科研方法的写作方法和
作的,这需要认真阅读投稿刊物中关于实验的详细规定。
(2)实验设备的描述中,要对仪器的型号生产厂家、实验过程中的用途等做详细的说明(牵扯到保密项目的可能有另外的写法)。设备使用的时候一些必要的步骤不可或缺,尤其是有可能对实验结果造成特定影响的操作更要详细说明。比如,一些设备在使用之前要首先进行校正(calibration),有的要求每个阶段实验之后都要重新校正,以保证结果的正确性。一定要详细说明这些操作步骤或者校正过程,便于评审人分析你的
(3)实验材料的描述根据不同的学科应该有不同的要求,这里很难加以详细的描述。总体上来说要注意说明材料选择的必要性,也就是对为什么选择这种材料最好有一定的说明。如果这一点描述不清,可能会导致整个实验过程的不成立
(4)实验过程要描述清楚,一般都要附加实验流程图进行说明。流程图的画法很多,有的是文字式的,有的是文字和示意图结合的,根据不同的实验有不同的做法。一般来说,可能后者多一些(对一些实验性学科来说尤其如此),因为这样做能够使评审人对你的实验过程一目了然。如果示意图画得漂亮,还可以增强一些印象分。描述的时候,要有鲜明的层次感,对每个步骤之间的顺序和关联要描述清楚,不要造成实验过程混乱不堪的印象。因为最终评审人判断你的实验是否合理,是从这个过程的述来判断的值得注意的一点是,对于不同的研究课题,采取的研究和实验方法也会有所不同,即使对同一个研究课题不同的研究者也可能采取不同的研究方法。研究方法很多,比如调查研究( a survey study)、实验研究(anexperimental study)、个案研究( a case study)或者几种研究方法的结合。但无论采取哪种研究方法,方法叙述部分基本的构架是相同的,只是具体的内容有所不同。
方法很重要,同样的研究和实验采取不同的方法就可能产生完全不同的结果,甚至一个细小的环节或条件的不同都会使结果大相径庭,所以257
第十五章科研方法的写作方法和技巧
experiment or procedure should be presented as a unit, even if it was broken up over time. In general, provide enough quantitative detail (howmuch, how long, when, etc. )about your experimental protocol suchthat other scientists could reproduce your experiments. You should alsoindicate the statistical procedures used to analyze your results, includingthe probability level at which you determined significance (usually at
0. 05 probability)关于科研方法的描述是科技论文的重要部分。其写作的基本要求是“准确性”和“可重复性”,即要使同行能根据论文这一部分提供的信息,重复其实验过程并得到相应的结果。虽然不同学科与不同的论文对科研方法的描述有不同要求,但基本上包括以下几点:1)对实验材料( materials)的描述,要给出科研所用材料的技术要求、数量、来源以及制备方法等信息。有时甚至列出所用试剂的有关化学性质和物理特性
(2)对科研对象( subjects,/ participants)的描述,要提供科研对象的相关背景信息、抽样方法与过程,并简要说明理由。
(3)对实验装置/调查设计( nstrument)的描述,凡属标准仪器设备,只需提供型号、规格及主要性能指标
(4)对实验/调查过程与方法( experiment/ procedure)的描述,要介绍主要的实验过程和调查实施过程科研方法的写作,应当要注意对数据、资料和方法的叙述。首先,要有取有舍,不要把所有信息都罗列出来,否则会使文章臃肿,而且会分散读者对重要信息的关注。选择那些关键信息,可考虑读者可能会感兴趣的信息。其次,应当对信息进行整理,以简明的方式呈现给读者,如采用图表的形式。一些篇幅较长的资料,比如问卷和测试题目可以放在附录部分。第三,要注意信息之间的逻辑关系,不同信息之间应当有一定的联系,彼此之间不应当是孤立的。
The Methodology section is very important because it tells how you259
编科技英语论文写作方法与技rsai plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan anddescribe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.The guiding principle for writing the Methodology section is that itshould contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whethermethodology is sound. You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alter-native methods and make the case that your approach is the most appro-priate and most valid way to address your research question.三、描述科研方法的语言Language of Methodology1时态、语态和语气( Tense, Voice and Mood)
科研方法部分通常用过去时,因为这些步骤已经完成,所以这里的基本时态应当用过去时,根据情况选择一般过去时、过去完成时和现在完成时,当然,在叙述一般情况的时候也可能出现一般现在时。其次是文体方面,方法部分最好选择正式/书面文体,避免口语式的语言和缩略语。不要用太过华丽的词藻和复杂的句型,否则会对读者更好地了解你的观点有所影响。之后是语气方面,因为方法部分是介绍研究过程和方法,所以语气应当尽量的客观,避免过浓的主观色彩可以使论据更显可信,进而论点才能更让人信服。最后是语态,方法部分可以使用较多的被动语态,这是因为这部分强调的是动作的完成,而通常不强调动作的施动者被动语态往往给人叙述客观的感觉。
(1)Mement wi
(2) Targets used in this study were polished
2.常用表达句型 Sentence Patterns)
(1)结果表明The results showed/ demonstrated/revealed/ documented/ indicated/suggested that260
第十五章科研方法的写作方法和技巧
It was found th49: The results showed that high thigh cuff Doppler technique was9 percent sensitive, 56 percent specific and 63 percent accurate.
(2)与……有关:A was related / correlated/associated with BThere was a relationship /correlation between A and BThere was a relation of A with B and C*o Bi: Insulin sensitivity index was negatively with blood velocity(r=0. 530, P<0. 05), body mass index(r=0. 563, P<0. 01)and baseline insulinemia (r=0. 489, P<0. 05)
(3)增加或减少①表示数值增加的动词: Increase,rise, elevate②表示数值增加的名词: Increase, Increment, elevation③表示数值减少的动词: decrease, reduce,fall,drop, decline,low-④表示数值减少的名词: decrease, decrement, reduction,fll,drop, decline, lowering⑤从……增加到……平均增加: increase from..tomean/ average (increas⑥从……增加到……总的增加: increase from.to.,, with anoverall increase of⑦增加了10%: increase by(10%)。
(4)倍数比较。①增加2倍: increase by3fold( times),a3- fold increas②A是B的3倍:Ais3fold( times) as as p,Ais3fold( times)B.
(5)结果的统计学意义。①明显不同( significant difference)②很明显不同(very/ highly significant difference)。
261
第三编科技英语论文写作方法与技巧点③区别不明显( insignificant difference)。
④无区别( nonsignificant difference/ no difference)。
(6)统计学意义常用句型。o There was/is significant differencebetween A and B@2 The difference in. between A and B was/ is significant3 A was/is significant difference from B ir4 No significant difference was found /observed/ noted in.. between A and B
(7)其他:o Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance@2 Section l devoted to the basic aspects of the Flc decision making3 Section 2 gives the background of the problem whichincludes xxx4 Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding6 Section 2 explains how flexibility which oftenpressed in terms of fuzzy time windowSection 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used inO Section 3 describes the system itself in a general wayIncluand also discusses how to evaluate system performance(8 Section 3 describes a new measure of xxSection 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory inanalysis of xa0 Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decisionCD Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy262
第十五章科研方法的写作方法和
decision rules
12 The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4describes the xx strategies.Q3 Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proosed modelQ4 Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigationa5 Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.a6 Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model ofmemory process.aD Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of theSection 2 and 3d8 Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental dataa9 Section 6 presents the primary results of the paper a fuzzy set model.
20 Section 6 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for furthervor2 Section 6 illustrates the model with an exampleVarious ways of justification and the reasons for their choice arediscussed very briefly in Section 22 In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a wholemodel of human DM systemBAD In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which2 In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when thedomain of discourse is order denseQ5 In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical263
第三编科技英语论文写作方法与技巧study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to con-struct membership functions.ED In Section 3 is analyzed the inference process through the twokinds of inference expe2 In this section, the characteristics and environment under whichRP is designed are describedg We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notationswhich are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results30 The next section describes the mathematics that goes into thecomputer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements3D However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical acations the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in thenext section.3 The three components will be described in the next two sectionand an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will therillustrate their useWe can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the fol30 The next sectionrizes the method in a from that is usefulfor arguments based on xx四、描述科研方法的示例Samples of methodologySample1实验设计( Experimental Setup)X-Ray and Ion Measurements in Laser Produced Plasma from GoldCopper Alloy Targets实验设备型号与技术参数) In these experiments,aNd: glass laser
第十五章科研方法的写作方法和技巧
system (a=1.06 um) was used. The laser system was operated in singleshot mode with a maximum energy of 2 j per pulse and pulse duration of500 ps. The laser chain consists of a commercial, Qswiched and Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS) compressed neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet oscillator (100 mJ/300-800 ps, model No. SL 312TE ofEkspla) followed by two indigenously developed 19 mm diameter,300mm length Nd glass amplifiers, each pumped by six numbers of xenonfilled flash lamps enclosed within cylindrical, diffused reflector cavitiesThe laser rods are cooled by circulating saturated sodium nitrite soltThe single pass gain of each of the 19 mm diameter amplifier was meured to be 5-5. 5. An optical isolator having a 60 mm diameter, FR-5 Faraday glass rod, was used at the end of the laser chain to avoid any damagedue to back-reflection of laser from the plasma. When a high powerlaserof the intensity of the order of 103-10 4W/cm2 is focused on a target,nearly 10%-25% of the incident laser radiation is backscattered from thelaser generated plasma due to some of the nonlinear processes. The extinction ratio for the Faraday isolator was 270: l and a total transmissionloss of15% was measured for input laser pulse.(激光系统光学原理图;平凸的实验操作) The optical schematic of laser system is shown in FiThe laser beam was focused to a spot of diameter 120 um on the targetwith a 50 cm focal length f/5 plalens. The stainleum laser-plasma interaction chamber of 40 cm diameter, 30 cm height had
12 ports for various diagnostic equipment. It was evacuated to a pressureof 2 X10- Torr. The target was mounted inside the vacuum chamber onan externally controlled x-y-z translational stage. The laser radiation wasincident normal to the target surface The target position was changed forevery shot so that a fresh portion of the target surface was exposed to thelaser. Laser intensity was varied from 8x10 2 to 5X1013 W/cm by chan
第三编科技英语论文写作方法与技卫喜 ging the laser energy on the targets(实验材料性状及制作方法) Targetsused in this study were polished copper, gold and the alloy of gold-copper withaa99 an atomic composition of Au 0. 43-Cu 0 57. The targets were prepared bya taking the right proportion of pure gold and oxygen free, high conductivityfeces and melting them together in a ceramic crubible placed within aninductively coupled electric furnace. The alloy thus prepared was rolled to auniform thickness of 2 mm and its surface was polished.(测量仪器与方法一:激光等离子体x射线(lpx)辐射测量)Xrayemission from the laser producted plasma was measured using two doub-le diffused standard silicon x-ray p-i-n diodes (Quantrad 250 PIN 100)with an active area of 100 mm, a depletion depth of 250 um, and a risetime of 3 ns. The sensitivity of the detectors was 0. 2 C]. Three such i-dentical detectors were mounted on a single vacuum flage shown in Fig. 2(a). X rays in two different spectral regions were recorded by using K-edge x-ray filter foils mounted in front of the detectors. The semiconduc-tor diodes were covered with x-ray filter foils of 12 um thick titanium(transmission range 2. 5-3. 9A)and 5 um thick nickel (transmission range
1.5-2.87A). The diagnostic head is compact, Electro-magnetic Interfeence (EMD) resistant, and negatively biased by a 300 v power supply.Itplaced at an angle of 45 with respect to the target normal at a distance of 26 cm from the target. The specific spectral region chosen hassignificance in x-ray backlighting of dense plasmas which are relevant toinertial confinement fusion. Typical x-ray signals recorded with the x-raydiodes were displayed on a 400 MHz digital storage oscilloscope,asshown in Fig. 2(b). The peak of x-ray signal height was used to comparethe x-ray emission from different targets(测量仪器与方法二:离子特性测量) Ion characteristic measurementwas done using a Langmuir probe negatively biased at 30 V, placed at an
第十五章科研方法的写作方法和技巧
angle of 30 with respect to target normal and at a distance of 12 cm fromthe target. This ion probe(Langmuir type) was of cylindrical type with adiameter of 0. 5 mm and a length of 4 mm. It is one of the simplest diagnostic probes for obtaining information about the ions in plasma. Langmuir type of ion probes has been used extensively to investigate the plas-ma parameters of laser produced ablation plumes from metal targets usingnanosecond laser pulses. More recently, they have also been used to diagnose ultrafast laser produced plasma. Such Langmuir probes enable theionic component of the ablation plume to be studied with relative easehey consist of an electrode of known area inserted in the plasma andconnected electricallysupply is in turn grounded to a reference electrode inserted in the plasma.The reference electrode in the case of a single Langmuir probe is muchlarger than the probe itself and typically consists of the chamber walls orany other convenient conducting surface in contract with the plasma. Theprobe current is dependent on the potential imposed on the probe. Thetypical Langmuir probe record obtained from copper plasFig. 3. In the following section we describe the theoretical model usedSample2调查描述( Methodology: Description of the Survey)Attitude towards Fashion Advertisements with Political ContentImpacts of Opinion Leadership and Perception of Advertisement MessageFour web pages were designed to collect data for the study. Each webPage included one of four jean advertisements created by the researchersas well as a link to a five-part online survey The four advertisements ded a pair of female jeans and a political message( Fig 1)267
第三编科技英语论文写作方法与技巧@2 a pair of female jeans and a non-politicale(Fig 2);a pair omale jeans and a political message(Fig 3);a a pair of male jeans and a non-political message(Fig 4)Jeans were chosen as the fashion product in the advertisement, beb2 cause they are commonly worn by both male and female students and thusfamiliar to all students in the sample. a contemporary style of jeans waschosen, but the jeans did not have trendy features that might distract theespondents. The topics that were used in the message for the advertisements were also familiar to the sample. The political message was\"Whilethe President was busy creating a reason for war, we were busy creatingthe perfect pair of jeans\". The message was referring to the controversysurrounding the President's decision to go to war with Irag. This topicwas chosen because it was widely being discussed among college studentsat the time of this survey The non-political message was\"We have a fitfor everybody in America\". This message simply advertises the jeans.Aside from the differences in message, the advertisements were made tolook identical. The same background was used for both advertisementsand the jeans and the message were placed in the exact same position inthe advertisementFashiThe first section of the survey included nine questionsfashion opinion leadership on a 7-point Likert scale (1=strongly disa-gree, 7= strongly agree). The questions were adopted from a scale ofproduct-specific opinion leadership developed by Flynn et al. (1996).Examples of the questions included \"Other people come to me for advicend \"I often influence people's opinions abfashion\". The reliability index for the nine-item scale was low at 0. 60.Examination of item total statistics indicated that the reliability would im268
第十五章科研方法的写作方法和技巧
prove by the largest amount upon removing two questions (\"i don' t needto talk to others before i buy clothingand \"I like to get other s opinionsbefore 1 buy clothing\"). The reliability of the remaining questions wasacceptable with the Cronbachs alpha of 0. 7Political opinion leadership.Perception of advertisement message and advertisement attitudeProduct attitudeIn order to provide a broad sampling of college students, respondentswere recruited from diverse fields of study(biology, advertising, political sclence,psychology, leisure studies, housing ). The survey web site address wasdistributed to a total of 1, 268 students, of whom 179 responded One of the researchers visited each of 12 selected classrooms, briefly explained the surveyand handed out a small slip of paper with the following information printed onit: the title of the survey, College Students Opinions of Fashion Adver-basements”;② the web address for the survey;and③ the phrase“Youropinion counts! \"in order to better motivate the students to participate inthe survey. An equal number of flyers were distributed for the advertise-ment containing a political message and for the advertisement witha non-political message. The web sites were available for 5 weeksHow did the data collectedOn lineHow many ads designedFourWhat were differences among themMale or female jeanswhat were kept constant in the adsBackground and relive positionsHurvey made up of?what was first section of the survey for?FashionHow many participants were involvedHow long was the survey available269
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